Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

A hernia occurs when an organ or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue, commonly in the abdomen or groin. Hernias can cause pain, discomfort, and complications if left untreated. While some hernias can be managed with lifestyle changes and supportive care, surgery is the only definitive treatment to repair the weakened muscle wall. In this article, we provide a detailed overview of hernias, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

Hernia Causes and Risk Factors

Hernias develop due to increased pressure inside the abdomen combined with muscle weakness. This condition may occur due to heavy lifting, straining, chronic coughing, or aging.

Risk Factors for Hernia

  • Age and Muscle Weakness: More common in older adults due to natural tissue deterioration.

  • Obesity: Excess weight increases pressure on the abdominal muscles.

  • Chronic Coughing or Straining: Conditions like COPD or chronic constipation contribute to hernia formation.

  • Pregnancy: Increased intra-abdominal pressure weakens muscles.

  • Previous Abdominal Surgery: Scar tissue can weaken the abdominal wall.

  • Heavy Lifting: Frequent or improper lifting techniques can trigger hernias.

Types of Hernias

Hernias can occur in different areas of the body, each with distinct symptoms and risks.

Inguinal Hernia (Groin Hernia) – Most Common Type

  • Occurs when the intestine pushes through the lower abdominal wall into the groin.

  • More common in men due to natural weaknesses in the inguinal canal.

  • Symptoms include groin pain, a visible bulge, and discomfort while lifting or coughing.

Umbilical Hernia

  • Occurs near the belly button, where the abdominal muscles did not fully close after birth.

  • More common in infants, pregnant women, and obese adults.

  • Causes a soft bulge around the navel that may increase in size.

Hiatal Hernia (Acid Reflux Hernia)

  • The upper stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest.

  • Symptoms include heartburn, acid reflux, and difficulty swallowing.

  • Can lead to chronic GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease).

Ventral or Incisional Hernia

  • Forms at the site of a previous surgical incision in the abdomen.

  • More likely in overweight patients or those with poor wound healing.

Hernia Signs and Symptoms

Hernias can be asymptomatic or cause mild to severe discomfort depending on size and location.

Common Symptoms

  • Visible bulge or lump in the affected area.

  • Pain or discomfort that worsens with coughing, bending, or lifting.

  • Heaviness or pressure in the abdomen.

Advanced Symptoms (Signs of Complications)

  • Severe, persistent pain in the hernia area.

  • Redness, swelling, or tenderness around the bulge.

  • Nausea, vomiting, or inability to pass gas (indicating a bowel obstruction).

  • Fever and chills (signs of infection).

Hernia Diagnosis

Diagnosing a hernia involves a physical examination, imaging tests, and medical history evaluation.

Diagnostic Tests for Hernia

  • Physical Examination: The doctor checks for a visible bulge that increases when coughing or straining.

  • Ultrasound: Detects small or hidden hernias.

  • CT Scan or MRI: Provides detailed imaging to assess complicated or recurrent hernias.

  • Endoscopy (for Hiatal Hernia): Examines the esophagus and stomach for signs of acid reflux or hernia complications.

Hernia Treatment Options

There is no medication to cure hernias—surgery is the only effective treatment. However, mild, asymptomatic hernias may be monitored if they do not cause discomfort.

Non-Surgical Management (For Small, Asymptomatic Hernias)

  • Lifestyle Changes: Avoid heavy lifting and maintain a healthy weight.

  • Supportive Hernia Belts: Provides temporary relief but does not cure the hernia.

  • Medications (For Hiatal Hernia): Antacids or PPIs help manage acid reflux symptoms.

Surgical Treatment for Hernia

Hernia surgery is recommended for painful, growing, or strangulated hernias.

1. Laparoscopic Hernia Repair (Minimally Invasive Surgery)

  • Small incisions and a camera-assisted technique ensure a quicker recovery.

  • A surgical mesh is placed over the weakened muscle to reinforce the area.

  • Faster healing, less pain, and lower recurrence rates than open surgery.

2. Open Hernia Repair (For Large or Complex Hernias)

  • A single larger incision is made to access and repair the hernia.

  • Used for very large, strangulated, or recurrent hernias.

  • Longer recovery time compared to laparoscopic surgery.

Hernia Surgery Recovery and Aftercare

  • Most patients can go home the same day (for laparoscopic surgery).

  • Mild discomfort, swelling, or bruising may occur but improves in a few days.

  • Avoid heavy lifting and strenuous activities for at least 4-6 weeks.

  • Walking and light activities help prevent complications.

  • Follow-up checkups ensure proper healing.

Complications of an Untreated Hernia

If left untreated, a hernia can lead to severe complications, including:

  • Strangulated Hernia: The blood supply to the intestine is cut off, requiring emergency surgery.

  • Bowel Obstruction: Trapped intestines can lead to severe pain, nausea, and vomiting.

  • Chronic Pain & Increased Hernia Size: The longer a hernia remains untreated, the larger and more painful it becomes.

Preventing Hernias

  • Maintain a healthy weight to reduce abdominal pressure.

  • Exercise regularly to strengthen abdominal muscles.

  • Use proper lifting techniques to avoid straining.

  • Treat chronic constipation and persistent coughs to prevent excess abdominal pressure.

Final Words

Hernias can be painful and debilitating if left untreated. Laparoscopic hernia repair offers a minimally invasive solution with fast recovery and reduced complications. Dr. Shwetank Prakash, a leading laparoscopic surgeon in Agra, specializes in advanced hernia treatment, ensuring safe and effective care for long-term relief.